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Japanese · Sentence basics · A1

ある and いる: two verbs for “there is”

いる iru · living, movingある aru · objects, plants, events猫neko · cat人hito · person魚sakana · fish本hon · book木ki · tree車kuruma · car
Trees and plants are alive but do not move, so they take ある. A bus or taxi waiting for you is sometimes いる, because someone is driving it.

Short answer: Japanese has two verbs meaning “to exist”. Use いる (iru, polite います) for people and animals, things that move by themselves, and ある (aru, polite あります) for objects, plants, places and events. The same verbs also mean “have”: 兄がいます is “I have an older brother”, 車があります “I have a car”.

Pattern 1: “In the place, there is…”

To introduce something new: place に, thing が, ある or いる. The place comes first, like English “in the room there is…”.

部屋へやheyaroomにniin猫ねこnekocatがga(subject)いますimasuis
Heya ni neko ga imasu.“There’s a cat in the room.”Why: A cat is alive and moves: います.
机つくえtsukuedeskのno’s上うえuetopにnion本ほんhonbookがga(subject)ありますarimasuis
Tsukue no ue ni hon ga arimasu.“There’s a book on the desk.”Why: A book is an object: あります.
公園こうえんkōenparkにniin大きいおおきいōkiibig木きkitreeがga(subject)ありますarimasuis
Kōen ni ōkii ki ga arimasu.“There’s a big tree in the park.”Why: Trees are alive but do not move about: あります.

Pattern 2: “The thing is in the place”

When the thing is already known and you say where it is: thing は, place に, ある or いる. Here は replaces が because the thing is the topic.

猫ねこnekocatはwa(topic)部屋へやheyaroomにniinいますimasuis
Neko wa heya ni imasu.“The cat is in the room.”Why: We know which cat: は. Compare pattern 1, which introduced a cat.
トイレtoiretoiletはwa(topic)二階にかいnikaisecond floorにnionありますarimasuis
Toire wa nikai ni arimasu.“The toilet is on the first floor.”Why: 二階 is the second floor in Japanese counting, the first floor in British English.
母ははhahamy motherはwa(topic)今いまimanow家いえiehomeにniatいませんimasenis not
Haha wa ima ie ni imasen.“My mother isn’t at home now.”Why: Negative of います: いません.

Polite, plain and negative forms

The negative of ある is irregular: it is simply ない, not あらない. いる is regular.

ある (things)いる (living beings)
plainある aruいる iru
politeあります arimasuいます imasu
plain negativeない naiいない inai
polite negativeありません arimasenいません imasen
polite pastありました arimashitaいました imashita
polite past negativeありませんでした arimasen deshitaいませんでした imasen deshita

“I have”: possession with ある and いる

Japanese usually says “there is” where English says “have”: (as for me) a car exists. The owner takes は (or には), the thing owned takes が.

ある for events

Meetings, tests, concerts and accidents “exist” with ある. The place an event happens takes で, not に, because it is something going on.

明日あしたashitatomorrowテストtesutotestがga(subject)ありますarimasuthere is
Ashita tesuto ga arimasu.“I have a test tomorrow.”Why: An event, so ある.
土曜日どようびdoyōbiSaturday公園こうえんkōenparkでdeatお祭りおまつりomatsurifestivalがga(subject)ありますarimasuthere is
Doyōbi kōen de omatsuri ga arimasu.“There’s a festival in the park on Saturday.”Why: で for where an event takes place, even with ある.

How many there are

Put the number and counter directly before ある or いる. No particle goes after the number.

教室きょうしつkyōshitsuclassroomにniin学生がくせいgakuseistudentsがga(subject)二十人にじゅうにんnijū-nin20 peopleいますimasuthere are
Kyōshitsu ni gakusei ga nijū-nin imasu.“There are 20 students in the classroom.”Why: Number + counter right before the verb.
りんごringoapplesがga(subject)三つみっつmittsuthreeありますarimasuthere are
Ringo ga mittsu arimasu.“There are three apples.”Why: 三つ: general counter for objects.
猫ねこnekocatsがga(subject)二匹にひきnihikitwo (animals)いますimasuthere are
Neko ga nihiki imasu.“I have two cats.”Why: いる for animals; 匹 counter.

Is there anything? 何か and 誰か

Question word + か means “something, someone”; + も with a negative means “nothing, no one”.

Other uses of ある

ある also means “to have” for abstract things, and appears in てある and ことがある.

SentenceMeaningUse
jikan ga arimasuI have timehaving (abstract)
netsu ga arimasuI have a feversymptoms
yōji ga arimasuI have something to doplans
mado ga akete arimasuthe window has been left openてある
itta koto ga arimasuI have been thereexperience

Check yourself: ある or いる?

Pick the verb, then open the answer.

  1. cat猫が( )。ねこがneko ga
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    いる: an animal.
  2. book本が( )。ほんがhon ga
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    ある: an object.
  3. tree木が( )。きがki ga
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    ある: plants take ある.
  4. teacher先生が( )。せんせいがsensei ga
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    いる: a person.
  5. test明日テストが( )。あしたテストがashita tesuto ga
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    ある: events take ある.
  6. brothers兄が二人( )。あにがふたりani ga futari
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    いる: having family.

Asking where something is

Two ways to ask. The first uses ある or いる; the second, shorter one replaces them with です.

A
すみませんsumimasenexcuse me駅えきekistationはwa(topic)どこdokowhereにniatありますかarimasu kais?
Sumimasen, eki wa doko ni arimasu ka. · “Excuse me, where is the station?”Full form with ある.
B
あそこasokoover thereですdesuis
Asoko desu. · “It’s over there.”です replaces に + あります in a short answer.
A
田中さんたなかさんTanaka-sanMr Tanakaはwa(topic)どこdokowhereですかdesu kais?
Tanaka-san wa doko desu ka. · “Where is Mr Tanaka?”Short form: どこですか works for people and things.
B
会議室かいぎしつkaigishitsumeeting roomにniinいますimasuis
Kaigishitsu ni imasu. · “He’s in the meeting room.”Back to います for a person.

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