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Japanese · Building sentences · A2 to B1

Relative clauses: the description comes first

Short answer: to describe a noun with a whole clause, put the clause in front of the noun, in the plain form: 昨日買った本, “the book (that) I bought yesterday”. There is no word for “that”, “which” or “who”. It works exactly like an adjective before a noun, just longer, and inside the clause the subject can take の instead of が.

English: noun first, description afterthe bookthat I bought yesterdayJapanese: description first, noun last昨日買った本kinō kattahonNo word for “that” or “which”: the clause simplysits in front of the noun, in the plain form.
Read Japanese clauses to the end to find out what they describe: the noun is always last.

Plain verb + noun

Any plain form can describe a noun: present, past, negative, ている.

が or の inside the clause

The subject inside a relative clause can take が or の: 母が作った料理 or 母の作った料理, “the food my mother made”. Never は.

母ははhahamy motherがga(subject)作ったつくったtsukuttamade料理りょうりryōrifood
Haha ga tsukutta ryōri“the food my mother made”Why: が inside the clause.
母ははhahamy motherのno(subject)作ったつくったtsukuttamade料理りょうりryōrifood
Haha no tsukutta ryōri“the food my mother made”Why: Same meaning with の, a little more written.
背せseheightのno(subject)高いたかいtakaitall人ひとhitoperson
Se no takai hito“a tall person”Why: は…が sentences become clauses with の: 背が高い → 背の高い人.

Using the whole phrase in a sentence

Once built, the phrase works like any noun: it can be the topic, the object or come before です.

昨日きのうkinōyesterday見たみたmitasaw映画えいがeigafilmはwa(topic)面白かったですおもしろかったですomoshirokatta desuwas good
Kinō mita eiga wa omoshirokatta desu.“The film I saw yesterday was good.”Why: The phrase is the topic.
眼鏡めがねmeganeglassesをo(object)かけているkakete iruis wearing人ひとhitopersonがga(subject)田中さんたなかさんTanaka-sanMr Tanakaですdesuis
Megane o kakete iru hito ga Tanaka-san desu.“The person wearing glasses is Mr Tanaka.”Why: ている in a clause: “who is wearing”.
これkorethisはwa(topic)友達ともだちtomodachifriendにnifromもらったmorattareceived時計とけいtokeiwatchですdesuis
Kore wa tomodachi ni moratta tokei desu.“This is a watch I got from a friend.”Why: The phrase comes before です.

Long descriptions before nouns

Japanese can stack a whole sentence before a noun. Read from the noun backwards to translate.

去年きょねんkyonenlast year京都きょうとKyōtoKyotoでdein会ったあったattamet人ひとhitoperson
Kyonen Kyōto de atta hito“the person I met in Kyoto last year”Why: Everything before 人 describes it.
母ははhahamy motherがga(subject)毎朝まいあさmaiasaevery morning作ってくれるつくってくれるtsukutte kurerumakes for meお弁当おべんとうobentōlunch box
Haha ga maiasa tsukutte kureru obentō“the lunch box my mother makes me every morning”Why: てくれる inside a clause.
日本語にほんごnihongoJapaneseがga(subject)話せるはなせるhanaserucan speakスタッフsutaffustaff
Nihongo ga hanaseru sutaffu“staff who can speak Japanese”Why: Potential form in a clause.

〜という: called, the fact that

という links a name or a content to a noun: a shop called…, the news that…

Clauses with 時, 所 and 人

Some nouns very often take a clause before them.

Check yourself

Say each one in Japanese, then open the answer to check and hear it.

  1. the book I bought yesterday
    Show answer
    kinō katta hon
  2. the person who lives in Osaka
    Show answer
    Ōsaka ni sunde iru hito
  3. a shop that is open at night
    Show answer
    yoru aite iru mise
  4. the film I want to see
    Show answer
    mitai eiga

時 and 所: when and where

Clauses before 時 (time) and 所 (place) make “when…” and “the place where…”.

When I was a child
When I went to Japan
The place where…

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