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Japanese · Describing and doing · A1 to A2

The て form: the most useful verb form

Group 1 verbs change by their last sound; Group 2 just swaps る for てう つ る→って買う → 買ってkatteむ ぶ ぬ→んで飲む → 飲んでnondeく→いて書く → 書いてkaiteぐ→いで泳ぐ → 泳いでoyoideす→して話す → 話してhanashiteGroup 2→て食べる → 食べてtabeteする · 来る→して · きてする → して, 来る → 来てshite, kiteOne exception to learn by heart: 行く → 行って (itte), not 行いて.
Japanese learners chant these rules, often to a song tune. The plain past た form follows the same table with た in place of て.

Short answer: the て form joins a verb to what comes next, and dozens of patterns are built on it: requests (書いてください, please write), sequences (起きて、食べて, get up and eat), ongoing actions (食べています, I am eating) and permission. Group 2 verbs swap る for て. Group 1 verbs change sound depending on their last kana, following six rules that sound natural once you say them aloud.

The rules, one verb at a time

Press each verb to hear the dictionary form change into the て form. The change happens because some sound pairs are easier to say quickly.

て formMeaningRule
kattebuyう → って
mattewaitつ → って
kaettego homeる (Group 1) → って
nondedrinkむ → んで
asondeplayぶ → んで
shindedieぬ → んで (the only ぬ verb)
kaitewriteく → いて
oyoideswimぐ → いで
hanashitespeakす → して
tabeteeatGroup 2: る → て
ittegoexception
shitedoする (irregular)

てください: please do

て + ください is the standard polite request. In shops, offices and on signs you will see it everywhere.

Linking actions: and then

Several actions in a row are joined with て forms, and only the last verb shows the tense and politeness. The order of the verbs is the order things happened.

朝あさasamorning起きておきてokiteget up andシャワーshawāshowerをo(object)浴びますあびますabimasutake
Asa okite, shawā o abimasu.“In the morning I get up and take a shower.”Why: Two actions: the first in て, the last in ます.
駅えきekistationにnito行っていってittego and切符きっぷkipputicketをo(object)買いましたかいましたkaimashitabought
Eki ni itte, kippu o kaimashita.“I went to the station and bought a ticket.”Why: The past only appears on the final verb, but covers both actions.
家いえiehomeにnito帰ってかえってkaettego home andご飯ごはんgohandinnerをo(object)作ってつくってtsukuttemake and食べましたたべましたtabemashitaate
Ie ni kaette, gohan o tsukutte, tabemashita.“I went home, made dinner and ate.”Why: Three actions in order. 帰る is the Group 1 look-alike: 帰って, not 帰て.

Adjectives and nouns have て forms too

い-adjectives use くて; nouns and な-adjectives use で. They link descriptions the same way verbs link actions.

What the て form unlocks

Learn the て form well and these patterns come almost free. Each has its own page later in the course.

ている: ongoing action
てもいい: permission
てはいけない: prohibition
てから: after doing
てみる: try doing
てあげる・くれる: doing for someone

て for a reason

A て form can give the reason for what follows, especially before feelings and apologies. It is softer than から.

遅れておくれてokuretebeing lateすみませんsumimasensorry
Okurete sumimasen.“Sorry I’m late.”Why: て gives the reason for the apology.
会えてあえてaetebeing able to meet嬉しいうれしいureshiihappyですdesu(polite)
Aete ureshii desu.“I’m glad we could meet.”Why: 会える (can meet) → 会えて.
頭あたまatamaheadがga(subject)痛くていたくてitakutehurt, so休みましたやすみましたyasumimashitastayed off
Atama ga itakute, yasumimashita.“I had a headache, so I stayed off.”Why: い-adjective て form as a reason.

て for how something is done

A て form before a verb of movement or action often says how it is done: on foot, in a hurry, sitting down.

てしまう: completely, or unfortunately

てしまう means the action is finished completely, or that it happened and you regret it. In speech it shortens to ちゃう (でしまう → じゃう).

ケーキkēkicakeをo(object)全部ぜんぶzenbuall食べてしまったたべてしまったtabete shimattaate up
Kēki o zenbu tabete shimatta.“I ate the whole cake.”Why: Completely, and perhaps regretfully.
財布さいふsaifuwalletをo(object)忘れてしまいましたわすれてしまいましたwasurete shimaimashitaforgot (unfortunately)
Saifu o wasurete shimaimashita.“I’ve gone and forgotten my wallet.”Why: Regret.
遅れちゃったおくれちゃったokurechattaended up late
Okurechatta!“Oops, I’m late!”Why: Casual ちゃった = てしまった.

ておく and てある: preparing and leaving things ready

ておく means doing something in advance or leaving it as it is. てある describes the state something was left in by someone; the thing takes が.

ExampleMeaningPattern
bīru o hiyashite okuchill the beer in advanceておく: prepare
sono mama ni shite oite kudasaiplease leave it as it isておく: leave
mado ga akete aruthe window has been left openてある: state left by someone
namae ga kaite aruthe name is written (on it)てある: result

ないで: without doing, and please don’t

The negative て form, ないで, means “without doing” and, with ください, “please don’t”.

てみる: try doing

て form + みる (see) means “try doing and see what it’s like”.

てから: after doing

て form + から means “after doing”, stressing the order. Compare 食べた後で, which is similar but more about time.

手てtehandsをo(object)洗ってからあらってからaratte karaafter washing食べますたべますtabemasueat
Te o aratte kara tabemasu.“I eat after washing my hands.”Why: てから: first this, then that.
日本にほんNihonJapanにnito来てからきてからkite karasince coming三年さんねんsannenthree yearsですdesuis
Nihon ni kite kara sannen desu.“It’s been three years since I came to Japan.”Why: てから also means “since”.

Check yourself: make the て form

Form the て form of each verb, then open the answer.

  1. write書くかくkaku
    Show answer
    書いて: く → いて.
  2. drink飲むのむnomu
    Show answer
    飲んで: む → んで.
  3. wait待つまつmatsu
    Show answer
    待って: つ → って.
  4. speak話すはなすhanasu
    Show answer
    話して: す → して.
  5. swim泳ぐおよぐoyogu
    Show answer
    泳いで: ぐ → いで.
  6. eat食べるたべるtaberu
    Show answer
    食べて: Group 2, る → て.
  7. go行くいくiku
    Show answer
    行って: the one exception.
  8. go home帰るかえるkaeru
    Show answer
    帰って: Group 1 despite -eru.

The て form in conversation

Short everyday exchanges, all built on て.

A
すみませんsumimasenexcuse me写真しゃしんshashinphotoをo(object)撮ってくださいとってくださいtotte kudasaiplease take
Sumimasen, shashin o totte kudasai. · “Excuse me, could you take a photo of us?”撮る → 撮って: る (Group 1) → って.
B
いいですよii desu yosure
Ii desu yo. · “Sure.”いいですよ: “that’s fine”, a friendly yes.
A
ここkokohereをo(object)押しておしてoshitepressくださいkudasaiplease
Koko o oshite kudasai. · “Press here, please.”押す → 押して: す → して.
B
はいhaiOK撮りますとりますtorimasuI’ll take (it)よyo(telling you)
Hai, torimasu yo. · “OK, here goes.”Back to ます for the speaker’s own action.

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